PORTUGAL

Background:

Following its heyday as a global maritime power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of its wealthiest colony of Brazil in 1822. A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of the next six decades, repressive governments ran the country. In 1974, a left-wing military coup installed broad democratic reforms. The following year, Portugal granted independence to all of its African colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered the EC (now the EU) in 1986.

Geography ::PORTUGAL
Location:

Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain
Geographic coordinates:

39 30 N, 8 00 W
Map references:

Europe
Area:

total: 92,090 sq km
country comparison to the world: 110
land: 91,470 sq km
water: 620 sq km
note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands
Area - comparative:

slightly smaller than Indiana
Land boundaries:

total: 1,214 km
border countries: Spain 1,214 km
Coastline:

1,793 km
Maritime claims:

territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:

Current Weather
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
Terrain:

mountainous north of the Tagus River, rolling plains in south
Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in the Azores 2,351 m
Natural resources:

fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower
Land use:

arable land: 17.29%
permanent crops: 7.84%
other: 74.87% (2005)
Irrigated land:

6,500 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:

73.6 cu km (2005)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):

total: 11.09 cu km/yr (10%/12%/78%)
per capita: 1,056 cu m/yr (1998)
Natural hazards:

Azores subject to severe earthquakes
Environment - current issues:

soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas
Environment - international agreements:

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification
Geography - note:

Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

People ::PORTUGAL
Population:

10,707,924 (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
Age structure:

0-14 years: 16.3% (male 912,147/female 834,941)
15-64 years: 66.1% (male 3,525,717/female 3,554,513)
65 years and over: 17.6% (male 772,413/female 1,108,193) (2010 est.)
Median age:

total: 39.7 years
male: 37.6 years
female: 41.9 years (2010 est.)
Population growth rate:

0.275% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 178
Birth rate:

10.29 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 191
Death rate:

10.68 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
Net migration rate:

3.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
Urbanization:

urban population: 59% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.067 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
Infant mortality rate:

total: 4.78 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 195
male: 5.24 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 78.21 years
country comparison to the world: 47
male: 74.95 years
female: 81.69 years (2010 est.)
Total fertility rate:

1.5 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 187
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

0.5% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

34,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
HIV/AIDS - deaths:

fewer than 500 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
Nationality:

noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)
adjective: Portuguese
Ethnic groups:

homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal
Religions:

Roman Catholic 84.5%, other Christian 2.2%, other 0.3%, unknown 9%, none 3.9% (2001 census)
Languages:

Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used)
Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93.3%
male: 95.5%
female: 91.3% (2003 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):

total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 16 years (2006)
Education expenditures:

4.4% of GDP (2008)
country comparison to the world: 92

Government ::PORTUGAL
Country name:

conventional long form: Portuguese Republic
conventional short form: Portugal
local long form: Republica Portuguesa
local short form: Portugal
Government type:

republic; parliamentary democracy
Capital:

name: Lisbon
geographic coordinates: 38 43 N, 9 08 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions:

18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa (Lisbon), Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu
Independence:

1143 (Kingdom of Portugal recognized); 5 October 1910 (republic proclaimed)
National holiday:

Portugal Day (Dia de Portugal), 10 June (1580); note - also called Camoes Day, the day that revered national poet Luis de Camoes (1524-80) died
Constitution:

adopted 2 April 1976; subsequently revised
note: the revisions placed the military under strict civilian control, trimmed the powers of the president, and laid the groundwork for a stable, pluralistic liberal democracy; they allowed for the privatization of nationalized firms and government-owned communications media
Legal system:

based on civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:

chief of state: President Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 9 March 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Jose SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto de Sousa (since 12 March 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
(For more information visit the World Leaders website )
note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 January 2006 (next to be held in January 2011); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Anibal CAVACO SILVA elected president; percent of vote - Anibal CAVACO SILVA 50.6%, Manuel ALEGRE 20.7%, Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES 14.3%, Jeronimo DE SOUSA 8.5%, Franciso LOUCA 5.3%
Legislative branch:

unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 27 September 2009 (next to be held in fall 2013)
election results: percent of vote by party - PS 42%, PSD 35%, CDS/PP 9%, BE 7%, CDU 7%; seats by party - PS 97, PSD 81, CDS/PP 21, BE 16, CDU 15
Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal de Justica); judges appointed for life by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura
Political parties and leaders:

Democratic and Social Center/Popular Party or CDS/PP [Paulo PORTAS]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS [Jose SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto de Sousa]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pedro Manuel PASSOS COELHO]; The Left Bloc or BE [Franciso Anacleto LOUCA]; Unitarian Democratic Coalition or CDU [Jeronimo DE SOUSA] (includes Portuguese Communist Party or PCP and Ecologist Party ("The Greens") or PEV)
Political pressure groups and leaders:

the media; labor unions
International organization participation:

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, CPLP, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club (associate), PCA, Schengen Convention, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMIT, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Joao DE VALLERA
chancery: 2012 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 328-8610
FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726
consulate(s) general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), San Francisco
consulate(s): New Bedford (Massachusetts), Providence (Rhode Island)
Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Allan J. KATZ
embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisbon
mailing address: Apartado 43033, 1601-301 Lisboa; PSC 83, APO AE 09726
telephone: [351] (21) 727-3300
FAX: [351] (21) 726-9109
consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)
Flag description:

two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the national coat of arms (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) centered on the dividing line; explanations for the color meanings are ambiguous, but a popular interpretation has green symbolizing hope and red the blood of those defending the nation

Economy ::PORTUGAL
Economy - overview:

Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community in 1986. Over the past two decades, successive governments have privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country qualified for the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU member economies. Economic growth had been above the EU average for much of the 1990s, but fell back in 2001-08, and shrank 2.8% in 2009. GDP per capita stands at roughly two-thirds of the EU-27 average. A poor educational system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth. Portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by lower-cost producers in Central Europe and Asia as a target for foreign direct investment. The budget deficit surged to an all-time high of 6% of GDP in 2005, but the government reduced the deficit to 2.6% in 2007 - a year ahead of Portugal's targeted schedule. Portugal's financial sector has been relatively insulated from the global financial crisis and the government has not spent much on shoring up banks. Nonetheless, the government faces tough choices in its attempts to stimulate the economy, while trying to keep the budget deficit within the euro-zone 3%-of-GDP ceiling. In 2009, the deficit reached 6.7% of GDP.
GDP (purchasing power parity):

$232.6 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
$239.1 billion (2008 est.)
$239.1 billion (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):

$227.9 billion (2009 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:

-2.7% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
0% (2008 est.)
1.9% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):

$21,700 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
$22,400 (2008 est.)
$22,500 (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 2.7%
industry: 23%
services: 74.3% (2009 est.)
Labor force:

5.583 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 10%
industry: 30%
services: 60% (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate:

9.5% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114
7.6% (2008 est.)
Population below poverty line:

18% (2006)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 28.4% (1995 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:

38.5 (2007)
country comparison to the world: 72
35.6 (1995)
Investment (gross fixed):

19.1% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103
Budget:

revenues: $94.87 billion
expenditures: $116.4 billion (2009 est.)
Public debt:

76.9% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
66.3% of GDP (2008 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):

-0.8% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
2.6% (2008 est.)
Central bank discount rate:

3% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 93
5% (31 December 2007)
note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area
Commercial bank prime lending rate:

8.35% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 116
7.92% (31 December 2007)
Stock of money:

$NA
note: see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 16 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money and quasi money circulating within their own borders
Stock of quasi money:

$NA
Stock of domestic credit:

$491 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 21
$412.7 billion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares:

$NA (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 45
$68.71 billion (31 December 2008)
$132.3 billion (31 December 2007)
Agriculture - products:

grain, potatoes, tomatoes, olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, poultry, dairy products; fish
Industries:

textiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper, chemicals, auto-parts manufacturing, base metals, diary products, wine and other foods, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; ship construction and refurbishment; tourism
Industrial production growth rate:

-7.7% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 131
Electricity - production:

44.47 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
Electricity - consumption:

48.78 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
Electricity - exports:

1.313 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:

10.74 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production:

4,721 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
Oil - consumption:

272,200 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
Oil - exports:

53,260 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
Oil - imports:

351,100 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
Oil - proved reserves:

0 bbl
country comparison to the world: 135
Natural gas - production:

NA (2008 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:

4.846 billion cu m (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 141
Natural gas - imports:

4.895 billion cu m (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32
Natural gas - proved reserves:

0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
Current account balance:

-$23.38 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 180
-$29.3 billion (2008 est.)
Exports:

$43.71 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
$56.42 billion (2008 est.)
Exports - commodities:

agricultural products, food products, oil products, chemical products, plastics and rubber, skins and leather, wood and cork, wood pulp and paper, textile materials, clothing, footwear, minerals and mineral products, base metals, machinery and tools, vehicles and other transport material, and optical and precision instruments
Exports - partners:

Spain 26.25%, Germany 12.99%, France 12.04%, Angola 7.21%, UK 5.54% (2009)
Imports:

$67.64 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
$87.76 billion (2008 est.)
Imports - commodities:

agricultural products, food products, oil products, chemical products, plastics and rubber, skins and leather, wood and cork, wood pulp and paper, textile materials, clothing, footwear, minerals and mineral products, base metals, machinery and tools, vehicles and other transport material, and optical and precision instruments, computer accessories and parts, semi-conductors and related devices, household goods, passenger cars new and used, and wine products
Imports - partners:

Spain 31.58%, Germany 12.41%, France 8.58%, Italy 5.55%, Netherlands 5.31% (2009)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$16.03 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
$11.95 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Debt - external:

$507 billion (30 June 2009)
country comparison to the world: 19
$484.7 billion (31 December 2008)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$102.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32
$99.82 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$63.64 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27
$63.64 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Exchange rates:

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7338 (2009), 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005)

Communications ::PORTUGAL
Telephones - main lines in use:

4.121 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 37
Telephones - mobile cellular:

14.91 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 44
Telephone system:

general assessment: Portugal's telephone system has a state-of-the-art network with broadband, high-speed capabilities
domestic: integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire, microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations
international: country code - 351; a combination of submarine cables provide connectivity to Europe, North and East Africa, South Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores (2008)
Broadcast media:

the publicly-owned TV broadcaster operates 2 domestic channels and external service channels to Africa; overall, roughly 40 domestic TV stations; viewers have widespread access to international broadcasters with more than half of all households connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems; publicly-owned radio operates 3 national networks and provides regional and external services; several privately-owned national radio stations and some 300 regional and local commercial radio stations (2008)
Internet country code:

.pt
Internet hosts:

1.967 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 33
Internet users:

4.476 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 45

Transportation ::PORTUGAL
Airports:

65 (2010)
country comparison to the world: 77
Airports - with paved runways:

total: 43
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 13
under 914 m: 10 (2010)
Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 22
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 21 (2010)
Pipelines:

gas 1,098 km; oil 11 km; refined products 188 km (2009)
Railways:

total: 2,786 km
country comparison to the world: 59
broad gauge: 2,603 km 1.668-m gauge (1,351 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 183 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)
Roadways:

total: 82,900 km
country comparison to the world: 57
paved: 71,294 km (includes 2,300 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,606 km (2005)
Waterways:

210 km (on Douro River from Porto) (2008)
country comparison to the world: 96
Merchant marine:

total: 117
country comparison to the world: 48
by type: bulk carrier 10, cargo 36, carrier 1, chemical tanker 15, container 6, liquefied gas 9, passenger 10, passenger/cargo 9, petroleum tanker 4, roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 15
foreign-owned: 84 (Bahamas 1, Belgium 8, Denmark 3, Germany 20, Greece 4, Hong Kong 2, Italy 12, Japan 15, Mexico 1, Netherlands 1, Spain 11, Sweden 3, Switzerland 2, US 1)
registered in other countries: 15 (Cyprus 1, Hong Kong 1, Italy 1, Malta 3, Panama 9) (2008)
Ports and terminals:

Leixoes, Lisbon, Setubal, Sines

Military ::PORTUGAL
Military branches:

Portuguese Army (Exercito Portuguesa), Portuguese Navy (Marinha Portuguesa; includes Marine Corps), Portuguese Air Force (Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP) (2010)
Military service age and obligation:

18 years of age for voluntary military service; compulsory military service ended in 2004; women serve in the armed forces, on naval ships since 1993, but are prohibited from serving in some combatant specialties; reserve obligation to age 35 (2007)
Manpower available for military service:

males age 16-49: 2,572,007
females age 16-49: 2,474,719 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16-49: 2,104,945
females age 16-49: 2,034,912 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

male: 62,628
female: 55,737 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:

2.3% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65

Transnational Issues ::PORTUGAL
Disputes - international:

Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz
Illicit drugs:

seizing record amounts of Latin American cocaine destined for Europe; a European gateway for Southwest Asian heroin; transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe; consumer of Southwest Asian heroin